Menstrual disorders involve changes in the frequency, duration or amount of menstrual bleeding and are a common reason for gynaecological consultation. They may occur at any age and can significantly affect daily life and quality of life.
Menstrual disorders
What is considered a normal cycle?
A normal menstrual cycle:
- lasts approximately 21–35 days
- involves 2–7 days of bleeding
- is not associated with severe pain or excessive bleeding
Deviations from these limits may require investigation.
Common types of menstrual disorders
Common disorders include:
- Amenorrhoea: absence of menstruation
- Oligomenorrhoea: infrequent cycles
- Polymenorrhoea: very frequent cycles
- Menorrhagia: heavy or prolonged bleeding
- Dysmenorrhoea: severe menstrual pain
Possible causes
Menstrual disorders may result from:
- hormonal disorders (e.g. polycystic ovary syndrome)
- thyroid disorders
- fibroids or polyps
- endometriosis
- significant stress or rapid weight changes
- medication
When should you consult a gynaecologist?
Medical evaluation is recommended when:
- periods are very heavy or painful
- bleeding occurs between periods
- cycles remain irregular for a prolonged time
- bleeding occurs after menopaus
Diagnostic evaluation
Investigation may include:
- detailed medical history
- gynaecological examination
- ultrasound assessment
- hormonal blood tests
- further investigations when indicated
Management
Management is individualised and depends on the underlying cause. It may include:
- medical treatment
- hormonal regulation
- minimally invasive or surgical interventions in selected cases
The aim is symptom relief and restoration of normal cycle function.