Vaginal cancer is a rare gynaecological malignancy that develops in the vaginal walls. It may occur as a primary cancer, but more commonly arises in the context of previous gynaecological malignancy or prior pelvic radiotherapy.
Due to its rarity, diagnosis and management require a high level of expertise within a specialised gynaecological oncology team.
Vaginal Cancer
What are the most common symptoms
Early-stage disease may be asymptomatic. When present, symptoms may include:
- vaginal bleeding outside the menstrual cycle or after sexual intercourse
- post-menopausal bleeding
- watery or blood-stained vaginal discharge
- pelvic discomfort or pressure
Any unexplained vaginal bleeding requires prompt gynaecological assessment.
How is vaginal cancer diagnosed
Diagnosis is based on:
- clinical gynaecological examination
- vaginal inspection / colposcopy
- vaginal biopsy for histological confirmation
- imaging investigations (MRI or CT), where appropriate
The aim is diagnostic confirmation and accurate staging.
How is vaginal cancer treated
Treatment is individualised and depends on disease stage, tumour location and previous treatments. Management may include radiotherapy, surgery in selected cases, or combined approaches with chemotherapy, in accordance with international guidelines.
The role of specialised gynaecological oncology
Given its rarity and complexity, vaginal cancer should be managed by a specialised gynaecological oncologist within a multidisciplinary oncology team.
Patient support and information
The diagnosis of vaginal cancer can be psychologically challenging. Clear information, open communication and ongoing support are essential components of care.